Slit lamp polarized dermoscopy: a cost-effective tool to assess eyelid lesions.

PURPOSE: Dermoscopy is a complementary examination of skin lesions, which allows the observation of anatomical features invisible to the naked eye. Its use increases the diagnostic accuracy of skin tumors. The development of polarized dermoscopy allowed the observation of deeper skin structures, without the need of skin contact. The purpose of this study was to present a low-cost prototype through the adaptation of polarized lenses on a slit lamp in order to assess anatomical aspects invisible to conventional biomicroscopy in eyelid lesions. METHODS: Twenty two eyelid lesions were documented using a prototype, compound of two polarizing filters, orthogonal to each other, adapted to a slit lamp with an integrated digital camera. Images of the eyelid lesions were also obtained with non-polarized biomicroscopy and with a portable dermatoscope, and were compared regarding anatomical aspects. RESULTS: Anatomical structures imperceptible to conventional ophthalmic examination were evidenced using the polarized lenses, demonstrating that this tool can be useful to the ophthalmologist when assessing eyelid lesions. We have obtained high-quality images of the lesions. The slit lamp provided higher magnification, better focus control and easier assessment of eyelid lesions than the portable dermatoscope. CONCLUSION: Ophthalmologists already use the slit lamp in their practice. The adaptation of polarized lenses to this device is a cost-effective, fast and non-invasive method that permits to improve the diagnostic accuracy of eyelid lesions, evidencing anatomical structures imperceptible to conventional ophthalmic examination.

Is It Worth Using Botulinum Toxin Injections for the Management of Mild to Moderate Blepharoptosis?

BACKGROUND: Mild ptosis can be aesthetically displeasing for patients, especially in unilateral cases. However, some patients do not desire to undergo a surgical repair. Botulinum toxin injection might be an option in these cases. OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to objectively examine the effects of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) injection into the orbicularis oculi muscle in the management of blepharoptosis. METHODS: In this prospective study, 8 patients with mild to moderate ptosis received application of BoNT-A in the pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle. Standardized photographs were obtained at baseline and 2, 4, and 24 weeks. Digital image analysis software (Image J) was employed for objective analysis. Primary outcomes were the margin reflex distance-1 and qualitative changes on a 4-point scale. RESULTS: A significant increase in the margin reflex distance-1 on the treated side (baseline: 2.00 ±â€…1.13 mm; week 2: 2.52 ±â€…1.13 mm; P = 0.003) and a significant reduction (baseline: 3.23 ±â€…0.92 mm, week 2: 3.07 ±â€…0.96; P = 0.0268) on the contralateral eyelid were observed at week 2. After 24 weeks, the effect of BoNT-A diminished, and no significant difference from baseline was observed in either eyelid. Subjectively, 87.5% of patients reported improvement in their eyelid ptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Botulinum toxin injection in the pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle can be an option to temporarily manage ptosis in patients who do not desire to undergo a surgical procedure. This alternative treatment can also be employed to manage temporary ptosis induced by botulinum toxin diffusion to the levator aponeurosis.

Orbitopalpebral and ocular sarcoidosis: what does the ophthalmologist need to know.

Sarcoidosis is a chronic multisystemic disease of unknown aetiology, characterised by non-caseating granulomas. Ocular involvement rate ranges from 30% to 60% among individuals with sarcoidosis, and can vary widely, making the diagnosis a challenge to the ophthalmologist. Cutaneous manifestations occur in about 22% of sarcoidosis cases, but eyelid involvement is rare. Eyelid swelling and nodules are the most frequent forms of eyelid involvement, but other findings have been reported. The joint analysis of clinical history, ancillary exams and compatible biopsy is needed for the diagnosis, as well as the exclusion of other possible conditions. This review aims to describe the different forms of presentations, the clinical reasoning and treatment options for ocular, eyelid and orbital sarcoidosis.

"Split-Face" Evaluation of Collagen Changes Induced by Periorbital Fractional CO2 Laser Resurfacing.

BACKGROUND: Periorbital fractional CO2 laser resurfacing has been employed for facial rejuvenation purposes. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has objectively assessed periorbital neoformation and remodeling of local cutaneous collagen, in a split-face model, from skin samples obtained during upper blepharoplasty. OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to objectively evaluate neoformation and remodeling of local cutaneous collagen after periorbital skin fractional CO2 laser resurfacing. METHODS: Sixteen female patients presenting with dermatochalasis and periorbital rhytids were evaluated in a prospective and comparative study. All patients underwent unilateral periorbital fractional CO2 laser resurfacing 30 days before upper blepharoplasty. Quantification of types I and III collagen from laser-treated and untreated eyelid skin samples obtained during upper blepharoplasty was assessed with histochemical analysis (Picrosirius Red staining). Laser resurfacing treatment was applied to the untreated side immediately after the upper blepharoplasty. Two blinded, independent physicians evaluated clinical improvement in pretreatment and 1- and 6-month posttreatment digital images. RESULTS: Histochemical analysis showed significantly higher intensity in collagen types I (treated: 158.7 ± 5.3, untreated: 139.2 ± 5.0; P < 0.0001) and III (treated: 105.1 ± 7.7, untreated: 104.1 ± 7.1; P < 0.0001) in the fractional CO2 laser treatment samples; a greater difference was detected in collagen type I. A significant improvement in periorbital rhytidosis was observed 1 month after laser resurfacing (23%); a greater improvement in the periorbital region was observed 6 months after laser resurfacing and upper blepharoplasty (43.67%). CONCLUSIONS: Periorbital fractional CO2 laser resurfacing was an effective method to improve palpebral skin, with histochemical evidence of increase in collagen types I and III.

Assessment of self-esteem and psychological aspects in patients undergoing upper blepharoplasty / Avaliação da autoestima e aspectos psicológicos em pacientes submetidos à blefaroplastia superior

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the self-esteem and quality-of-life outcomes in patients undergoing upper blepharoplasty. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed at Federal University of São Paulo. The self-esteem and quality-of-life of 29 patients undergoing upper blepharoplasty were compared with 20 age-matched volunteers from the general population. During preoperative assessment, the patients and volunteers underwent complete ophthalmological examinations and answered two questionnaires: the Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES) and the World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL-BREF). The RSES is a ten-item questionnaire developed to measure self-esteem that are answered using a four-point scale. The scores range from 0 to 30, and lower scores indicate higher self-esteem. The WHOQOL-BREF is composed of 26 questions divided into four domains. Mean values greater than 5 are considered indicative of very good quality-of-life. Data from the RSES and quality-of-life scores were compared between the two groups using an unpaired t- test. Results: The mean self-esteem scores for the patients and volunteers were 10.31 ± 0.71 and 6.9 ± 0.99, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean response scores for the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire for the patients and volunteers were 3.67 ± 0.08 and 3.76 ± 0.08, respectively (p = 0.449). For the psychological subscale of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, the results for the patients and volunteers were 3.52 ± 0.09 and 3.78 ± 0.08, respectively (p = 0.041). Conclusions: Subjects who underwent upper blepharoplasty exhibited worse self-esteem based on the RSES. Regarding quality-of-life, as assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire, significant differences between the groups were evident in the psychological aspects subscale. Our study confirms the importance of subjecting patients to psychological evaluation prior to upper blepharoplasty.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados de autoestima e qualidade de vida em pacientes submetidos à blefaroplastia superior. Métodos: Um estudo transversal foi realizado na Universidade Federal de São Paulo. A autoestima e a qualidade de vida de 29 pacientes submetidos à blefaroplastia superior foram comparadas com 20 voluntários pareados para idade. Durante a avaliação pré-operatória, os pacientes e voluntários foram submetidos a exames oftalmológicos completos e responderam a dois questionários: a escala de autoestima de Rosenberg (RSES) e a avaliação da qualidade de vida da Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHOQOL-BREF). O RSES é um questionário de dez itens desenvolvido para medir a autoestima que são respondidos usando uma escala de quatro pontos. Os escores variam de 0 a 30, e os escores mais baixos indicam maior autoestima. O WHOQOL-BREF é composto por 26 questões divididas em quatro domínios. Os valores médios acima de 5 são considerados indicativos de uma boa qualidade de vida. Os dados da RSES e os escores de qualidade de vida foram comparados entre os dois grupos usando um teste de t-teste não pareado. Resultados: Os escores médios de autoestima para pacientes e voluntários foram de 10,31 ± 0,71 e 6,9 ± 0,99, respectivamente (p <0,001). Os escores de resposta média para o questionário WHOQOL-BREF para pacientes e voluntários foram de 3,67 ± 0,08 e 3,76 ± 0,08, respectivamente (p = 0,449). Para a subescala psicológica do questionário WHOQOL-BREF, os resultados para pacientes e voluntários foram 3,52 ± 0,09 e 3,78 ± 0,08, respectivamente (p = 0,041). Conclusões: Aqueles submetidos à blefaroplastia superior apresentaram menor autoestima com base na RSES. Quanto à qualidade de vida, avaliada utilizando o questionário WHOQOL-BREF, diferenças significativas entre os grupos foram evidentes na subescala de aspectos psicológicos. Nosso estudo confirma a importância de submeter os pacientes à avaliação psicológica antes da blefaroplastia superior.

Keratoconus progression is not inhibited by reducing eyelid muscular force with botulinum toxin A treatment: a randomized trial.

PURPOSE:: To evaluate whether reducing eyelid muscular force through the administration of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) to the orbicularis oculi muscles of patients with keratoconus affected corneal parameters indicative of disease progression. METHODS:: In this prospective parallel randomized clinical trial, 40 eyes of 40 patients with keratoconus were randomized into equally sized control and BTX-A groups. Patients in the BTX-A group received subcutaneous BTX-A injections into the orbicularis muscle. The control group received no intervention. Palpebral fissure height, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), and corneal topographic parameters were evaluated at baseline and at 3-, 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-ups. RESULTS:: The mean ± standard deviation vertical palpebral fissure heights were 9.74 ± 1.87 mm and 9.45 ± 1.47 mm at baseline in the control and BTX-A groups, respectively, and 10.0 ± 1.49 mm and 9.62 ± 1.73 mm at 18 months, with no significant difference between the groups (p=0.337). BSCVA values were 0.63 ± 0.56 and 0.60 ± 0.27 at baseline in the control and BTX-A groups (p=0.643), and 0.52 ± 0.59 and 0.45 ± 0.26 at 18 months, again with no significant difference between the groups (p=0.452). In addition, there were no statistical differences between the groups at 18 months for the three keratometry topographic parameters: flattest (K1), steepest (K2), and mean (Km) keratometry (p=0.562). CONCLUSION:: BTX-A inhibition of eyelid force generation did not result in detectable changes in corneal parameters in keratoconic patients during 18 months of follow-up.

Keratoconus progression is not inhibited by reducing eyelid muscular force with botulinum toxin A treatment: a randomized trial / A progressão do ceratocone não é inibida reduzindo a força palpebral com o uso da toxina botulínica tipo A: ensaio clínico randomizado

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate whether reducing eyelid muscular force through the administration of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) to the orbicularis oculi muscles of patients with keratoconus affected corneal parameters indicative of disease progression. Methods: In this prospective parallel randomized clinical trial, 40 eyes of 40 patients with keratoconus were randomized into equally sized control and BTX-A groups. Patients in the BTX-A group received subcutaneous BTX-A injections into the orbicularis muscle. The control group received no intervention. Palpebral fissure height, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), and corneal topographic parameters were evaluated at baseline and at 3-, 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-ups. Results: The mean ± standard deviation vertical palpebral fissure heights were 9.74 ± 1.87 mm and 9.45 ± 1.47 mm at baseline in the control and BTX-A groups, respectively, and 10.0 ± 1.49 mm and 9.62 ± 1.73 mm at 18 months, with no significant difference between the groups (p=0.337). BSCVA values were 0.63 ± 0.56 and 0.60 ± 0.27 at baseline in the control and BTX-A groups (p=0.643), and 0.52 ± 0.59 and 0.45 ± 0.26 at 18 months, again with no significant difference between the groups (p=0.452). In addition, there were no statistical differences between the groups at 18 months for the three keratometry topographic parameters: flattest (K1), steepest (K2), and mean (Km) keratometry (p=0.562). Conclusion: BTX-A inhibition of eyelid force generation did not result in detectable changes in corneal parameters in keratoconic patients during 18 months of follow-up.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se a administração da toxina botulínica tipo A (BTX-A) no músculo orbicular de pacientes com ceratocone a fim de reduzir a força muscular palpebral pode alterar os parâmetros corneanos indicativos de progressão da doença. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado paralelo prospectivo. Quarenta olhos de 40 pacientes, randomizados em grupo controle ou grupo BTX-A na razão de 1:1. Pacientes do grupo BTX-A foram submetidos à injeção subcutânea da toxina botulínica tipo A no músculo orbicular. Os pacientes do grupo controle não sofreram nenhuma intervenção. Foram avaliados a medida da fenda palpebral, melhor acuidade visual corrigida, e topografia corneana nos momentos pré-operatório, e aos 3-,6-,12-, e 18 meses de seguimento. Resultados: Média ± DP (desvio padrão) da fenda palpebral no pré-operatório nos grupos controle e BTX-A foram 9,74 ± 187 e 9,45 ± 1,47 mm, respectivamente; aos 18 meses, a média da altura da fenda palpebral vertical nos grupos controle e BTX-A foram 10,0 ± 1,49 mm e 9,62 ± 1,73 mm, respectivamente, sem diferença significante entre os grupos (p=0,337). A média pré-operatória da melhor acuidade visual corrigida nos grupos controle e BTX-A foram 0,63 ± 0,56 e 0,60 ± 0,27, respectivamente (p=0,643); aos 18 meses, a média nos grupos controle e BTX-A foram 0,52 ± 0,59 e 0,45 ± 0,26, respectivamente, sem diferença significante entre os grupos (p=0,452). Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos aos 18 meses para todos os parâmetros topográficos ceratométricos avaliados, mais plano-(K1), mais curvo-(K2), e ceratometria média Km (p≥0,562). Conclusão: A inibição da força muscular palpebral pela toxina botulínica tipo A não causou alterações detectáveis nos parâmetros corneanos em pacientes com ceratocone, com 18 meses de seguimento.

Infrabrow Skin Excision Associated With Upper Blepharoplasty to Address Significant Dermatochalasis With Lateral Hooding in Select Asian Patients.

PURPOSE: In Asian patients, lateral hooding in the aging upper eyelid is prominent and frequently seen. Removal of the redundant skin of this region during classic blepharoplasty tends to produce a resultant prolonged scar. Furthermore, as the height of the eyelid skin excision increases, suturing of the thick upper skin to the thin pretarsal skin can result in upper lid fullness. This study documents the combination of infrabrow skin excision and upper blepharoplasty to address lateral hooding in select patients of Asian ancestry. METHODS: This study is a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent infrabrow skin excision associated with upper blepharoplasty. The inclusion criteria were moderate and severe upper eyelid dermatochalasis in patients with high eyebrows and lateral hooding; residual lateral hooding following previous blepharoplasty. RESULTS: Thirty-two eyelids of 16 female patients of Japanese ancestry underwent infrabrow skin excision associated with upper blepharoplasty. The mean age of patients was 68.87 ± 7.88 years (57-82 years). Mean follow up was 37.25 ± 18.96 months (9-72 months). Patients were evaluated at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months at least. The Strasser system for evaluation of surgical results was applied at 3 months. All patients had scores indicating good results and were satisfied with the cosmetic outcome and improvement of visual field after surgery. No complications related to wound dehiscence, lagophthalmos, hypertrophic scars, or sensory changes were observed. CONCLUSION: The combination of infrabrow skin excision and upper blepharoplasty was effective to address moderate and severe dermatochalasis with lateral hooding in select patients of Japanese ancestry.

Melhorando os resultados da blefaroplastia superior: zetaplastia para correção de queda do supercílio lateral / Improving the results of upper eyelid blepharoplasty: zetaplasty to correct lateral eyebrow sliding

INTRODUÇÃO: Um problema estético frequentemente observado no processo de envelhecimento facial é a queda dos supercílios, principalmente na sua porção lateral. MÉTODOS: A fim de obter resultados estéticos satisfatórios e cicatriz menos extensa, apresentamos uma técnica menos invasiva para elevação do supercílio lateral. Esta técnica é indicada para casos selecionados de pacientes com dermatocálaze associada à queda da porção lateral do supercílio. RESULTADOS: A técnica mostrou-se de fácil execução, proporcionando resultados estéticos gratificantes, similares aos da técnica descrita por Castañares, com a vantagem de resultar em cicatrizes limitadas à região lateral do supercílio. CONCLUSÕES. A zetaplastia com transposição de retalhos cutâneos no terço lateral dos supercílios mostrou-se uma boa opção para a elevação desta área. Além de ser pouco invasiva, esta técnica apresenta como vantagens cicatriz pouco evidente, menor custo e proporciona um efeito estético natural nesta importante região da face.

INTRODUCTION: A frequent aesthetic problem that occurs in the aging process is the drooping of the eyebrows, more common and evident in the mid lateral aspect. METHODS: In order to obtain a satisfactory cosmetic result associated with minimal scar extension, we present a less invasive technique, indicated for select patients who present with dermatochalasis and lateral eyebrow sliding. RESULTS: This technique showed to be an easy procedure to execute and resulted in satisfactory aesthetic outcomes, similar to the technique described by Castañares, with the advantage of scar limited to the lateral region. CONCLUSIONS: As another option for the surgical elevation of the eyebrow lateral third segment, an easy Z-type skin flap transposition is a cost-effective procedure that can offer less evident scars with a natural aesthetic effect in this exposed area of the face.

Cicatricial ectropion secondary to psoriatic arthritis.

Ectropion is characterized by the eversion of the eyelid margin and the consequent exposure of the conjunctiva and cornea. The shortening of the anterior lamella of the lid causes cicatricial ectropion. We described a case of skin pathology causing cicatricial ectropion. The case is about a 68-year-old woman with a 2-year history of psoriatic arthritis. She complained of eyelid tearing and redness for two years. Due to the psoriasis, she presented a very dry skin, also in the periocular region, resulting in cicatricial ectropion. A skin graft was indicated to correct the eyelid malposition. Careful investigation should be performed in patients who have a skin disease that can lead to cicatricial ectropion.

Blefaroplastia inferior: poderia a cirurgia proporcionar satisfação aos pacientes? / Lower blepharoplasty: would the surgery provide satisfaction to the patient?

OBJETIVO: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo com objetivo de avaliar os resultados de cinquenta pacientes submetidos a blefaroplastia inferior transcutânea, visando a análise do resultado clínico e a satisfação dos pacientes na Universidade Federal de São Paulo, entre abril de 2005 e maio de 2007. MÉTODOS: Os pacientes foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos cirúgicos. O Grupo Cirúrgico 1 (Grupo Controle) foi composto por 25 pacientes submetidos a blefaroplastia inferior tradicional e cantopexia lateral de rotina. O Grupo Cirúrgico 2 (Grupo Experimental) foi composto por 25 pacientes submetidos a blefaroplastia inferior com transposição das bolsas adiposas e cantopexia lateral de rotina. Para avaliar os resultados obtidos foi utilizado a avaliação da autoestima dos pacientes, por meio da Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg UNIFESP/EPM. O outro método utilizado foi solicitar a participação de três cirurgiões independentes que avaliaram as fotografias de pré e pós-operatório e com auxílio de uma escala topográfica, quantificaram os resultados. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 48,8 anos, com predomínio do sexo feminino (96%). A análise das fotografias mostrou que 96% dos pacientes apresentaram melhora significativa. A autoestima melhorou de um escore médio no pré-operatório de 5,1 (desvio padrão = 4,1) para um valor médio de 3,6 (desvio padrão = 3,5) após 6 meses da cirurgia (p=0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Os autores concluíram que ambos os procedimentos seriam seguros e eficazes, com baixo índice de complicação, apresentando melhora da autoestima, visível após seis meses da cirurgia.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze prospectively fifty patients submitted to lower eyelid blepharoplasty at the Federal University of São Paulo, between April 2005 and May 2007. METHODS: Fifty patients were assigned to interventions into two surgical groups by using random allocation. The Surgical Group1 (control group) was composed of 25 patients who were submitted to conservatively standard fat-resection lower eyelid blepharoplasty, and routine lateral canthal support. The Surgical Group 2 (experimental group) was represented by 25 patients submitted to lower eyelid blepharoplasty with periorbital fat mobilization and arcus marginalis redrape, and routine lateral canthal support. The self-esteem of all patients was compared with those in 25 age-matched volunteers from the general population. The parameters of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were determined preoperatively and at 6-month interval postoperatively. Standardized photographs obtained before and after surgery were evaluated by three independent observers. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 395 days (range 364 to 547 days). The mean age was 48.8 years, the population's gender was predominantly female (96%). Analysis of preoperative and postoperative photographs showed that 96% patients achieved significant improvement. Self-esteem scores improved from baseline preoperative mean levels of 5.1 (Standard Deviation = 4.1) to a mean level of 3.6 (Standard Deviation = 3.5) at 6 months post-surgery (p=0.001). No patients had orbital hematoma, blepharitis, lagophthalmos or ectropion. CONCLUSIONS: The authors concluded that both procedures are safe and effective with low complication rates, and marked improvement in self-esteem was observed in patients at 6-month follow-up.

[Lower blepharoplasty: would the surgery provide satisfaction to the patient?]. / Blefaroplastia inferior: poderia a cirurgia proporcionar satisfação aos pacientes?

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze prospectively fifty patients submitted to lower eyelid blepharoplasty at the Federal University of São Paulo, between April 2005 and May 2007. METHODS: Fifty patients were assigned to interventions into two surgical groups by using random allocation. The Surgical Group1 (control group) was composed of 25 patients who were submitted to conservatively standard fat-resection lower eyelid blepharoplasty, and routine lateral canthal support. The Surgical Group 2 (experimental group) was represented by 25 patients submitted to lower eyelid blepharoplasty with periorbital fat mobilization and arcus marginalis redrape, and routine lateral canthal support. The self-esteem of all patients was compared with those in 25 age-matched volunteers from the general population. The parameters of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were determined preoperatively and at 6-month interval postoperatively. Standardized photographs obtained before and after surgery were evaluated by three independent observers. RESULTS: The median follow-up was 395 days (range 364 to 547 days). The mean age was 48.8 years, the population's gender was predominantly female (96%). Analysis of preoperative and postoperative photographs showed that 96% patients achieved significant improvement. Self-esteem scores improved from baseline preoperative mean levels of 5.1 (Standard Deviation = 4.1) to a mean level of 3.6 (Standard Deviation = 3.5) at 6 months post-surgery (p=0.001). No patients had orbital hematoma, blepharitis, lagophthalmos or ectropion. CONCLUSIONS: The authors concluded that both procedures are safe and effective with low complication rates, and marked improvement in self-esteem was observed in patients at 6-month follow-up.

Aberrações ópticas de alta ordem em pacientes com distonias faciais tratados com toxina botulínica / Ocular wavefront aberrations in patients with facial dystonia treated with botulinum toxin

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as aberrações ópticas de alta ordem em pacientes com distonias faciais tratados com toxina botulínica tipo A. MÉTODOS: Pacientes com diagnóstico clínico de espasmo hemifacial ou blefaroespasmo essencial em atividade foram submetidos ao exame biomicroscópico e à análise de frente de ondas através do aberrômetro Alcon LADARvision®, sob midríase medicamentosa. A seguir, foram tratados com injeções de toxina botulínica tipo A. Após um mês, a análise de frente de ondas foi repetida da mesma forma e pelo mesmo oftalmologista. As aberrações de alta ordem foram comparadas antes e após o tratamento. O teste T pareado foi utilizado para comparar os valores numéricos antes e após o tratamento. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo um total de 11 pacientes, 6 com blefaroespasmo essencial (54,5 por cento) e 5 com espasmo hemifacial (45,5 por cento). Nos pacientes com espasmo hemifacial foram analisados apenas o lado acometido, totalizando 17 olhos com espasmo. A idade variou de 50 a 72 anos, com média de 65,9 ± 8,2 anos. Oito pacientes eram do sexo feminino (72,7 por cento), sendo a relação masculino/feminino de 1:2,6. A média do "root mean square" (RMS) das aberrações de alta ordem foi 0,68 antes e 0,63 após um mês do tratamento (p=0,01). A média da aberração esférica foi de 0,23 e 0,17 antes e após o tratamento respectivamente (p=0,01). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes nos demais tipos de aberrações de alta ordem após o tratamento (p>0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento com toxina botulínica A pode diminuir as aberrações esféricas em pacientes com distonias faciais.

PURPOSE: To analyze the ocular wavefront aberrations in patients with facial dystonia treated with botulinum toxin A. METHODS: Patients with benign essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm in activity underwent slit lamp examination and bilateral wavefront analysis under pharmacologic mydriasis using Alcon LADARvision® wavefront aberrometry system. After that, all patients were treated with botulinum toxin A injections performed by the same ophthalmologist. After one month, the wavefront analysis was performed in the same way and by the same examiner. The main outcome measure was the change in ocular wavefront aberrations. Paired T-test was used to compare pre and post-injection numeric wavefront values. RESULTS: From a total of 11 patients enrolled in this study, 6 (54.5 percent) had essential blepharospasm and 5 (45.5 percent) had hemifacial spasm. The fellow eyes of patients with hemifacial spasm were not included, totalizing 17 eyes with spasm. Eight patients were female (72.7 percent) and three were male (27.3 percent), the male:female ratio was 1:2.6. The age ranged from 50 to 72 years old with a mean of 65.9 ± 8.2 years. The mean of high order root mean square (RMS) wavefront aberrations was 0.68 before and 0.63 one month after the treatment (p=0.01). Before the treatment, the mean of spherical aberration was 0.23 and decreased to 0.17 one month after the treatment (p=0.01). There was no significant difference in the other higher-order aberrations before and after the treatment (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The treatment with botulium toxin may decrease spherical aberrations in patients with facial dystonia.

Clinical outcomes, patients' satisfaction and aesthetic results after lower eyelid blepharoplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of fifty patients undergoing transcutaneous lower eyelid blepharoplasty. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, randomised, controlled trial between April 2005 and May 2007. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 consisted of 25 surgical patients undergoing traditional lower blepharoplasty and routine lateral canthopexy; Group 2 consisted of 25 patients undergoing lower blepharoplasty with fat bags transposition and routine lateral canthopexy. We used the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale UNIFESP / EPM to assess patients' self-esteem. We also requested the participation of three independent surgeons, who examined the pre and postoperative photographs and quantified the results with the aid of a topographic scale. RESULTS: The mean age was 48.8 years, predominantly females (96%). The analysis of photographs showed a 96% significant improvement. Self-esteem scores improved from a preoperative average of 5.1 (SD = 4.1) to a mean of 3.6 (SD = 3.5) six months after the operation (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Both procedures are safe and effective with low complication rates, causing improvement of self-esteem assessed six months after the operation.

Resultados clínicos e satisfação dos pacientes após blefaroplastia inferior / Clinical outcomes, patients' satisfaction and aesthetic results after lower eyelid blepharoplasty

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados de cinquenta pacientes submetidos à blefaroplastia inferior transcutânea. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, randomizado e controlado realizado entre abril de 2005 e maio de 2007. Os pacientes foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos: Grupo Cirúrgico 1 composto por 25 pacientes submetidos à blefaroplastia inferior tradicional e cantopexia lateral de rotina e Grupo Cirúrgico 2 composto por 25 pacientes submetidos à blefaroplastia inferior com transposição das bolsas adiposas e cantopexia lateral de rotina. Para avaliar os resultados obtidos foi utilizada a avaliação da autoestima dos pacientes, através da Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg UNIFESP/ EPM. O outro método utilizado foi solicitar a participação de três cirurgiões independentes que avaliaram as fotografias de pré e pós-operatórios e com o auxílio de uma escala topográfica, quantificaram os resultados. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 48,8 anos, com predomínio do sexo feminino (96 por cento). A análise das fotografias mostrou que 96 por cento dos pacientes apresentaram melhora significativa. A autoestima melhorou de um escore médio no pré-operatório de 5,1 (desvio padrão = 4,1) para um valor médio de 3,6 (desvio padrão = 3,5) seis meses após a operação (p = 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Os autores concluíram que ambos os procedimentos seriam seguros e eficazes, com baixo indíce de complicação, apresentando melhora da autoestima, avaliada seis meses após a operação.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of fifty patients undergoing transcutaneous lower eyelid blepharoplasty. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, randomised, controlled trial between April 2005 and May 2007. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 consisted of 25 surgical patients undergoing traditional lower blepharoplasty and routine lateral canthopexy; Group 2 consisted of 25 patients undergoing lower blepharoplasty with fat bags transposition and routine lateral canthopexy. We used the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale UNIFESP / EPM to assess patients' self-esteem. We also requested the participation of three independent surgeons, who examined the pre and postoperative photographs and quantified the results with the aid of a topographic scale. RESULTS: The mean age was 48.8 years, predominantly females (96 percent). The analysis of photographs showed a 96 percent significant improvement. Self-esteem scores improved from a preoperative average of 5.1 (SD = 4.1) to a mean of 3.6 (SD = 3.5) six months after the operation (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Both procedures are safe and effective with low complication rates, causing improvement of self-esteem assessed six months after the operation.

[Treatment of tear trough deformity with hyaluronic acid gel filler]. / Tratamento dos sulcos palpebromalar e nasojugal com ácido hialurônico.

BACKGROUND: Volume loss and muscular hyperactivity are two major components of the aging process that contribute to the formation of the folds and wrinkles. Tear trough deformity is one of the most difficult depressions to correct surgically. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of ten patients submitted to periorbital filling with hyaluronic acid gel filler. METHODS: Between June and August, 2008, 10 patients have had their tears troughs treated with hyaluronic acid gel filler. The filler was introduced by a serial puncture technique and approximately 0.1 ml was injected at each pass. The filler was placed in the pre-periosteal tissue. Patients photographs before and after the procedure were reviewed to assess the outcomes. RESULTS: The mean volume per side needed to achieve correction was on the right side 0.61 ml (SD=0.25) and on the left side 0.65 ml (SD=0.26). The most common complications were bruising, erythema, local swelling, and pain at the injection site. The effect of treatment lasted up to 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study showed that the treatment of tear trough deformity with hyaluronic acid gel filler was feasible, predictable and effective. All patients were very satisfied with their results.

Involutional ectropion and entropion: clinicopathologic correlation between horizontal eyelid laxity and eyelid extracellular matrix.

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinicopathologic correlation between horizontal eyelid laxity and extracellular matrix components, such as collagen and elastic fibers, in involutional ectropion and entropion. Another goal was to compare the differences between involutional ectropion and entropion in regard to extracellular matrix content using computer-assisted morphometry. METHODS: This clinicopathologic study included 20 consecutive patients with involutional ectropion (group 1) and 20 consecutive patients with involutional entropion (group 2). The pinch test was performed to measure horizontal eyelid laxity in both groups. Full-thickness eyelid biopsy specimens were examined by light microscopy and computer-assisted morphometry. The Mann-Whitney U test, the Pearson chi-square test, the Pearson correlation coefficient calculation, and a linear regression analysis were performed. RESULTS: All sections of specimens from patients in groups 1 and 2 revealed abnormal collagen and elastic fibers. The Pearson correlation coefficient revealed a significant negative correlation between horizontal eyelid laxity and extracellular matrix content in the eyelid skin, the pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle, the perimeibomian tarsal stroma, and the intermeibomian tarsal stroma. Linear regression demonstrated that horizontal eyelid laxity is dependent upon extracellular matrix components in all eyelid regions. Collagen fiber content was significantly increased in specimens from patients in group 1 compared with specimens from patients in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that a reduction of collagen and elastic fibers may contribute to the development of excessive horizontal eyelid laxity in patients with involutional ectropion and entropion of the lower eyelid.

Involutional entropion and ectropion of the lower eyelid: prevalence and associated risk factors in the elderly population.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of involutional entropion and ectropion of the lower eyelid in the elderly population; to examine how these disorders are related to gender, age, skin color, and axial ocular globe projection; and to define the incidence of associated ocular surface and pathologic eyelid findings. METHODS: An ophthalmic survey was conducted in 24,565 elderly people. All participants underwent ophthalmic examination by general ophthalmologists to identify entropion and ectropion. Information about associated ocular surface and pathologic eyelid findings were collected from all patients with involutional eyelid malposition. Patients with involutional entropion and ectropion underwent measurements of the axial ocular globe projection. The Pearson chi-square test and the Mann-Whitney U test were performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of involutional entropion was 2.1%; 1.9% in men and 2.4% in women. The prevalence of involutional ectropion was 2.9%; 5.1% in men and 1.5% in women. Dry eye syndrome, lower retractor laxity, and superficial punctate keratopathy were seen significantly more often in patients with involutional entropion than in those with involutional ectropion (p < 0.001). Chronic conjunctivitis was significantly more common in patients with involutional ectropion than in those with involutional entropion (p < 0.001). The axial ocular globe projection was significantly smaller in patients with involutional entropion than in those with involutional ectropion (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of involutional entropion and ectropion in the elderly population is 2.1% and 2.9%, respectively. The axial ocular globe position plays a pathogenic role in involutional lower eyelid malposition.

Treatment of the tear trough deformity with hyaluronic acid.

BACKGROUND: Volume loss and muscular hyperactivity are two major components of the aging process that contribute to the formation of the folds and wrinkles. Tear trough deformity is one of the most difficult depressions to correct surgically. OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluate the results of periorbital filling with hyaluronic acid (HA) in a small series of patients. METHODS: Between June 2008 and December 2009, 25 patients were treated with HA to correct tear trough deformities. The HA was administered into the preperiosteal tissues with a serial puncture technique and approximately 0.1 mL was injected at each pass. Each patient's before and after photographs were reviewed by three surgeons; to objectively assess the outcomes, a quantitative scale was used to grade the pre- and postinjection results. The significance of subjective aesthetic evaluation of the photographs was evaluated with the Mann-Whitney U-test. Differences were regarded as significant if probabilities were less than 0.05. RESULTS: The mean (SD) volume per side needed to achieve correction was 0.54 (0.27) mL on the right and 0.61 (0.30) mL on the left. Complications included some degree of bruising, erythema, and local swelling. Most patients (88%) had cosmetic improvement according to the independent evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: All patients were very satisfied with their results. During the course of the study, the authors determined that the ideal candidates for this treatment are young, with thick skin and a definite hollow.